Systems, methods and apparatuses for wet stack residue mitigation

ABSTRACT

An intelligent electronic device (IED) may monitor wet stack residue buildup of a diesel engine. Once the wet stack residue accumulates to a certain amount, the IED may perform a mitigation procedure. Additionally, tracking wet stack residue buildup may allow an IED to attempt to prevent or reduce accumulation of the wet stack residue. The IED may track an operating power level of the diesel engine to estimate the rate of residue buildup.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §§ 120 and 121 as adivisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/147,584filed on 13 Jan. 2021 naming Ellery A. Blood and Scott M. Manson asinventors, and titled “Systems, Methods and Apparatuses for Wet StackResidue Mitigation” which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §§ 120 and 121as a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/600,623 filed on 14 Oct. 2019 naming Ellery A. Blood and Scott M.Manson as inventors and titled “Systems, Methods and Apparatuses for WetStack Residue Mitigation” which is incorporated herein by reference inits entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to diesel engine wet stack residuemonitoring, mitigation, and prevention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Non-limiting and non-exhaustive embodiments of the disclosure aredescribed herein, including various embodiments of the disclosure withreference to the figures listed below.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an electric power delivery system includingan intelligent electronic device (IED) for monitoring, mitigating, andpreventing wet stacking.

FIG. 2 illustrates a first graph with a power history indicatingoperating power level of a generator over time, and a second graphillustrating wet stack residue level over time.

FIG. 3 is a flow chart of a method for monitoring wet stack residueaccumulation, according to one embodiment.

FIG. 4 is a flow chart of a method for mitigating wet stack residueaccumulation, according to one embodiment.

FIG. 5 is a flow chart of a method for preventing wet stack residueaccumulation, according to one embodiment.

In the following description, numerous specific details are provided fora thorough understanding of the various embodiments disclosed herein.The systems and methods disclosed herein can be practiced without one ormore of the specific details, or with other methods, components,materials, etc. In addition, in some cases, well-known structures,materials, or operations may not be shown or described in detail inorder to avoid obscuring aspects of the disclosure. Furthermore, thedescribed features, structures, or characteristics may be combined inany suitable manner in one or more alternative embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Diesel engines are susceptible to a condition known as wet stacking. Adiesel engine combusts diesel fuel inside pistons to create mechanicalpower. Diesel fuel is composed of various species of hydrocarbons.Hydrocarbons built of short chains tend to be highly volatile andreadily combustible. Hydrocarbons that are built of longer chains areless volatile and may not fully combust depending on the engineoperating conditions.

Diesel engines typically use one of two types of fuel injection systems:mechanical and electronic. The mechanical fuel injection systems aretypically optimized to have the best performance (e.g., highestpercentage of fuel burned inside the cylinder) over a range ofapproximately 60% to 100% of rated power of the diesel engine.Electronically fuel injected engines are able to optimize fuel burn overa wider operating range, typically achieving efficient fuel burn from30% to 100% of rated power of the diesel engine. When the diesel engineis not operated at peak efficiency, the long-chain hydrocarbons tend tosuffer incomplete combustion and escape in the exhaust. The incompletelycombusted long-chain hydrocarbons tend to accumulate inside the exhaustplenum (e.g., exhaust manifold), on the valves, and on other exhaustrelated components. This accumulation is known as wet stacking.

If the diesel engine is operated at high power levels, the exhaustcomponents will maintain a temperature above the vaporization point ofthese long-chain hydrocarbons, preventing their buildup. If the exhaustcomponents do not maintain that high temperature, the long-chainhydrocarbon residue will build up resulting in the wet stackingcondition.

Wet stacking causes various maintenance and operational conditions, suchas restricting of exhaust channels, impeding the proper closure ofcombustion cylinder valves, forming viscous liquid hydrocarbon residuearound exhaust pipe connections and around the turbo, and emittingexhaust with high carbon particulate content from the stack when underconstant load. Permanent damage can occur as the deposits erode theengine surfaces. An engine is disassembled and overhauled to remove theresidue if it is allowed to build up to these levels.

Several methods can be used for mitigating wet stacking residue buildup.Some manufacturers use an electronically controlled thermostat tothrottle engine coolant. Periodically the coolant thermostat valve isclosed to reduce the flow of coolant through the engine. This results inan overall temperature increase for the engine, with a marginaltemperature increase for the exhaust plenums. In order to increase theexhaust plenum temperature to sufficient levels that wet stackingresidue is burned off, the engine is subjected to temperatures thatreduce the lifetime of seals and gaskets.

Additionally, fuel additives may be used. Fuel additives are availablethat can increase the rate of combustion of the long-chain hydrocarbonsthat can accumulate in the exhaust system. These reduce the accumulationwhen the additive is present, but do not generally act to reduce alreadyaccumulated residue. Including fuel additives adds a maintenance load tooperators as well as a requirement to track and transport potentiallyhazardous chemicals.

Another method to mitigate wet stack residue includes load bank burnoff.Using this method to minimize wet stacking residue mitigation, themachines are operated at a high power level (typically greater than 80%of rated power) for several hours. This is commonly accomplished byattaching a resistive load bank to increase the machine load and operatethe machine at near full power for greater than eight hours. This iseffective at mitigating the buildup but expends significant fuel in theprocess. This method is undesirable in multiple ways. This methodincreases operational costs in the form of the cost of purchasingadditional fuel for this operation. This method increases operatingcosts due to the cost of purchasing, transporting, and maintaining theload bank. As diesel generation is often used in remote areas, theexpense of transporting the fuel to the generator location is also asignificant cost. For military applications, transporting fuel requirescaravans, which put soldiers' lives in danger. So, minimizing fuel usagehas a direct savings in terms of military casualties. Additionally,since the burnoff of accumulated residue is typically not tracked, themitigation operation may continue past the point that the residue isremoved, wasting fuel.

As traditional methods of mitigation are undesirable and should beminimized whenever possible, it is beneficial to accurately trackresidue accumulation. This enables scheduling mitigation when and whereit is necessary and avoiding it when it is not necessary. Periodicmitigation based on average power levels is effective but noteconomical. Implementing a method to accurately track the residuemitigation would allow mitigation activities to be optimized.

The present disclosure provides systems and methods to monitor,identify, mitigate, and prevent a wet stack condition. In someembodiments, the systems and methods track operating conditions of adiesel engine to determine a wet stack condition. In some embodiments,the systems and methods alter a dispatch command for output power from adiesel engine or may alter a load associated with the diesel engine toincrease an operating power level to mitigate a wet stack condition. Insome embodiments, the systems and methods minimize an amount of timethat a diesel engine spends operating at less than peak efficiency.

The systems and methods described herein may provide superior resultscompared to conventional mitigation techniques. For example, the systemsand methods described herein may heat the exhaust plenum, limiting theneed for exhaust fluid to keep a catalytic device clean. Using thesystems and methods described herein may also reduce power and fuelassociated with a periodic maintenance program using load banks.Additionally, the systems and methods may reduce emissions, and may notincrease the engine temperatures with an electronically controlledthermostat to reduce engine deterioration.

While many embodiments described below refer to diesel enginegenerators, the systems and methods described herein may be applied toany engine that is susceptible to a wet stack condition.

The phrases “connected to” and “in communication with” refer to any formof interaction between two or more components, including mechanical,electrical, magnetic, and electromagnetic interaction. Two componentsmay be connected to each other, even though they are not in directcontact with each other, and even though there may be intermediarydevices between the two components.

As used herein, the term intelligent electronic device (IED) may referto any microprocessor-based device that monitors, controls, automates,and/or protects monitored equipment within a system. Such devices mayinclude, for example, remote terminal units, differential relays,distance relays, directional relays, feeder relays, overcurrent relays,voltage regulator controls, voltage relays, breaker failure relays,generator relays, motor relays, automation controllers, bay controllers,meters, recloser controls, communications processors, computingplatforms, programmable logic controllers (PLCs), programmableautomation controllers, input and output modules, motor drives, and thelike. IEDs may be connected to a network, and communication on thenetwork may be facilitated by networking devices including, but notlimited to, multiplexers, routers, hubs, gateways, firewalls, andswitches. Furthermore, networking and communication devices may beincorporated in an IED or be in communication with an IED. The term IEDmay be used interchangeably to describe an individual IED or a systemcomprising multiple IEDs.

Aspects of certain embodiments described herein may be implemented assoftware modules or components. As used herein, a software module orcomponent may include any type of computer instruction orcomputer-executable code located within or on a computer-readablestorage medium, such as a non-transitory computer-readable medium. Asoftware module may, for instance, comprise one or more physical orlogical blocks of computer instructions, which may be organized as aroutine, program, object, component, data structure, etc., that performone or more tasks or implement particular data types, algorithms, and/ormethods.

A particular software module may comprise disparate instructions storedin different locations of a computer-readable storage medium, whichtogether implement the described functionality of the module. Indeed, amodule may comprise a single instruction or many instructions, and maybe distributed over several different code segments, among differentprograms, and across several computer-readable storage media. Someembodiments may be practiced in a distributed computing environmentwhere tasks are performed by a remote processing device linked through acommunications network. In a distributed computing environment, softwaremodules may be located in local and/or remote computer-readable storagemedia. In addition, data being tied or rendered together in a databaserecord may be resident in the same computer-readable storage medium, oracross several computer-readable storage media, and may be linkedtogether in fields of a record in a database across a network.

The embodiments of the disclosure can be understood by reference to thedrawings, wherein like parts are designated by like numerals throughout.The components of the disclosed embodiments, as generally described andillustrated in the figures herein, could be arranged and designed in awide variety of different configurations. Thus, the following detaileddescription of the embodiments of the systems and methods of thedisclosure is not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure, asclaimed, but is merely representative of possible embodiments. Inaddition, the steps of a method do not necessarily need to be executedin any specific order, or even sequentially, nor need the steps beexecuted only once, unless otherwise specified.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an electric power delivery system 100including an intelligent electronic device (IED) 110 for monitoring,mitigating, and preventing wet stacking in one or more electric powergenerators (e.g., first generator 162, second generator 164, togetherreferred to as the electric power generators 162, 164).

Electric power delivery systems have been designed for the safe andreliable generation, transmission, and distribution of electric power toconsuming loads. The electric power delivery system 100 comprisesvarious equipment such as the one or more electric power generators 162,164, buses, transmission lines, transformers, smart distribution nodes102, distribution lines, and the like for generating, transmitting, anddelivering energy to a load 152.

Adding the IED 110 that is capable of monitoring, mitigating, andpreventing wet stacking may make the electric power delivery system 100more reliable and require less maintenance. While the illustratedembodiment includes an IED 110 that performs functions to monitor,mitigate, and prevent wet stacking, in some embodiments, these functionsmay be performed by three separate IEDs. In some embodiments, theelectric power delivery system 100 may include an IED that performs asubset of monitoring, mitigating, and preventing wet stacking. Forexample, the electric power delivery system 100 may include an IED thatmonitors for wet stacking and alerts a technician when mitigation isneeded. Similarly, some embodiments of the electric power deliverysystem 100 may include an IED that performs functions to mitigate orprevent the wet stacking.

Electric power delivery systems 100 may include one or more dieselengine generators. In the illustrated embodiment, the first generator162 and the second generator are diesel generators. Diesel generatorsare susceptible to wet stacking. Generators are typically sized for themaximum expected load. The generators may be operated independently(e.g., as backup generation for a building), or as a small microgrid. Inthese use cases the generators may operate at low power levels (e.g.,less than 30%) for extended periods of time, allowing wet stackingresidue accumulation. For example, a remote microgrid (for example,military outposts) will likely suffer from wet stacking residueaccumulation because the generators run constantly to provide a baseload power, but only approach rated loading during peak working hours.

The diesel generators may also be employed in a “peak shaving” role. Inthis usage case, an industrial plan may be contractually obligated tothe utility to maintain their peak power usage below a negotiated value.The generator would then be dynamically dispatched to maintain the powerdraw at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) below the negotiated value.Depending on fuel prices or environmental regulations, it may beadvantageous to minimize the power from the generators to only what isnecessary to comply for the contract. In this situation, the IED 110 canmonitor the accumulation of wet stacking residue over time. When thelevels indicate that mitigation is necessary, the IED 110 may instructthe generators to temporarily switch to a base load profile where theyoperate at near full rated power.

The IED 110 may comprise a power sensor 122, a processor 112, amonitored equipment interface 116, a communication interface 118, andstorage media 114. A system bus may facilitate communication and/orinteraction between the other components. The IED 110 may monitor,mitigate, and prevent wet stacking in the electric power generators 162,164.

The IED 110 may obtain power system signals from portions of theelectric power delivery system 100 either directly (as illustrated) orindirectly from various devices such as merging units. Electric powersystem signals may be obtained using instrument transformers such ascurrent transformers (CTs) 168, potential transformers (PTs) 166, andthe like. The IEDs 110 may use power system signals such as signalsrepresenting current and voltage to determine an output power of theelectric power generators 162, 164 with a power sensor.

The IED 110 may be configured to track wet stack residue buildup andburnoff by monitoring operating conditions of the electric powergenerators 162, 164. The residue accumulation rate is dependent onmultiple factors. Firstly, accumulation is based on the fraction of fuelthat is burned to produce power. The less efficiently fuel is burned,the more unburned fuel exists in the cylinder to be potentiallydeposited on or inside the exhaust components. Factors affecting fuelburn include: power level, altitude (air pressure), humidity, airtemperature, and fuel quality/composition. Secondly, accumulation isbased on the exhaust components and exhaust flow rate. Hotter exhaustcomponents will tend to accumulate less residue, and exhaust moving at ahigher flow rate will tend to deposit less. Both of these factors arerelated to power level (higher power leads to hotter exhaust componentsand faster flow of exhaust gasses).

In some embodiments, the IED 110 may monitor an operating power level ofthe electric power generators 162, 164. In some embodiments, the IED 110may include a power sensor 122 configured to receive CT and PTsecondaries and condition the signals received therefrom for use by theIED 110. Signal conditioning may include various filters, step-downtransformers, analog-to-digital converters (A/D) and the like to producedigitized analog signals. In various embodiments, digitized analogsignals may be provided by other devices such as merging units.

In some embodiments, the IED 110 may monitor additional factors that canaffect wet stack residue buildup and burnoff. For example, in someembodiments, the IED 110 may receive coolant temperature measurementsfrom coolant thermometers 170 a, 170 b. In some embodiments, the IED 110may receive exhaust temperature measurements from exhaust thermometers172 a, 172 b. In some embodiments, the IED 110 may estimate the exhausttemperature from a plurality of other measurements. In some embodiments,the IED 110 may receive measurements of exhaust content such asparticulate carbon or unburned hydrocarbons from exhaust sensors 174 a,174 b. The IED 110 may be in wired or wireless communication with thecoolant thermometers 170 a, 170 b, the exhaust thermometers 172 a, 172b, and the exhaust sensors 174 a, 174 b.

A monitored equipment interface 116 may be in communication withmonitored equipment of the electric power delivery system such as thesmart distribution node 102 for sending signals to the equipment andreceiving status signals from the equipment.

A communication interface 118 may facilitate communications with variousother devices either directly or, as illustrated, via a network 180. Forexample, the communication interface 118 may facilitate communicationswith the electric power generators 162, 164, the coolant thermometers170 a, 170 b, the exhaust thermometers 172 a, 172 b, and the exhaustsensors 174 a, 174 b. Suitable networks for configuration and/or use asdescribed herein include one or more local area networks, wide areanetworks, metropolitan area networks, Internet or IP networks, such asthe World Wide Web, a private Internet, a secure Internet, a value-addednetwork, a virtual private network, an extranet, an intranet, or evenstand-alone machines which communicate with other machines by physicaltransport of media. In particular, a suitable network may be formed fromparts or entireties of two or more other networks, including networksusing disparate hardware and network communication technologies. Onesuitable network includes a server and several clients; other suitablenetworks may contain other combinations of servers, clients, and/orpeer-to-peer nodes, and a given computer system may function both as aclient and as a server.

IED 110 may include a processor 112 for executing instructions. Theprocessor 112 may be implemented as a field-programmable gate array(FPGA), microprocessor, application specific integrated circuit, or thelike.

The storage media 114 may be a repository for computer instructions,stored as modules 130, to be executed by the processor 112, data 140,settings, samples, and the like. Storage media 114 may include a singleor multiple physical storage media, one or more of which may be packagedwith the processor 112. The storage media 114 may include, but is notlimited to: hard drives, floppy diskettes, optical disks, CD-ROMs,DVD-ROMs, ROMs, RAMs, EPROMs, EEPROMs, magnetic or optical cards,solid-state memory devices, or other types of media/computer-readablemedia suitable for storing electronic instructions.

The data 140 may include data from the power sensor 122, the coolantthermometers 170 a, 170 b, the exhaust thermometers 172 a, 172 b, andthe exhaust sensors 174 a, 174 b (operational history 142), setpoints144, and data generated by the IED 110, such as by the modules 130 orother modules. The data 140 stored may be organized as one or morememory registers/addresses, files, and/or databases. The data 140 mayinclude an operational history 142 of the electric power generators 162,164. The operational history 142 may include exhaust sensor data,temperature data, and power output level history.

The modules 130 may include a residue tracker 132, a mitigation manager134, and a prevention manager 136. The modules 130 may run multipleoperations serially, concurrently or in parallel with the one or moreprocessors 112.

The residue tracker 132 may determine an amount of accumulated residuefor the electric power generators 162, 164. The level of wet stackresidue accumulation can be estimated via various methods. In someembodiments, the residue tracker 132 may determine that a diesel engineoperates at a consistently low power level causing the diesel engine toaccumulate residue and request that the mitigation manager cause thediesel engine to undergo periodic mitigation.

In some embodiments, the residue tracker 132 may estimate the residuelevel by tracking a power history of each of the electric powergenerators 162, 164 as powered by diesel engines. The power history mayinclude the power output of the generator and/or the power output as apercentage of rated power of the generator. In general, a diesel engineoperating at low power levels (as indicated by the setpoints 144, e.g.,below 30%) will tend to accumulate residue. Thus, the residue tracker132 may identify a diesel engine as requiring wet stack mitigation aftera certain number of operational machine-hours at a low power level.Similarly, in some embodiments, the residue tracker 132 may estimate anamount of residue burned off when the diesel engine operates at highpower levels (as indicated by the setpoints 144, e.g., above 80%).

In some embodiments, for the residue tracker 132 to estimate a currentlevel of residue buildup, the residue tracker 132 may establish anoperational curve. The operational curve is based on the power historyacross a period of time to specify a wet stacking residueaccumulation/burn-off rate. The residue tracker 132 may determine anaccumulation rate curve (both positive and negative) as a function ofpower level and/or other factors such as exhaust temperature andintegrate the accumulation rate curve over time to determine thewet-stack accumulation level. The residue tracker 132 may integrate theaccumulation rate curve of the power history over time to track thelevel of residue buildup to generate the operational curve. For example,to obtain the operational curve, the residue tracker 132 may integratean accumulation rate of the power history between the power history anda low power level threshold to determine an accumulation rate. In otherwords, the integral is defined for the area between the lower powerlevel threshold and the power history. To find a burn-off rate, theresidue tracker 132 may integrate the power history above a high powerlevel threshold. In other words, the integral is defined for the areabetween the upper power level threshold and the power history. Theresidue tracker 132 may estimate the residue accumulation as zero fortimes when the generator is operating within the thresholds or when thegenerator is not operating. The residue tracker 132 may use theestimated accumulation and burn-off rates to estimate a residue amount.Once the residue estimate reaches a critical threshold(s) the residuetracker 132 identifies the diesel engine as requiring mitigation.

In some embodiments, the residue estimate is based on one or more ofmeasurements of power, measurements of coolant temperature, measurementsof exhaust temperature, and measurements of exhaust content such asparticulate carbon or unburned hydrocarbons. For example, theoperational curve representing the rate of residue buildup may bedecreased if the exhaust temperature is above a threshold temperature.Further, the critical threshold(s) may be predefined value(s) set by agenerator manufacturer or a user. In some embodiments, the residuetracker 132 calculates the critical threshold(s) using environmentalfactors. These factors may include altitude, air temperature, humidity,air pollution levels, etc. In some embodiments, the residue tracker 132calculates the critical threshold(s) using fuel type and quality offuel.

In some embodiments, the critical threshold(s) may include threethreshold values. The threshold values may be included in the setpoints144 stored on the storage media 114. The residue tracker 132 maycharacterize the level of wet stack residue buildup based on whichthreshold value the residue has exceeded. Each threshold may requiredifferent mitigation strategies. For example, a first threshold valuemay be used to identify a residue build-up level that is present but mayburn off if the machine is consistently operated at a moderate powerlevel (as indicated by the setpoints 144, e.g., 60%). A second thresholdvalue may be used to identify a residue build-up level that can bemitigated through operating at a high power level (as indicated by thesetpoints 144, e.g., 80%). A third threshold value may be used toidentify a residue build-up level that requires an engine overhaul tomitigate.

In some embodiments, the residue tracker 132 may alert a user of theneed to mitigate and the characterization of the residue buildup (e.g.,the mitigation technique available for the level of residue buildup). Insome embodiments, the residue tracker 132 may send a signal to themitigation manager 134 to automatically initiate a mitigation procedure.

A system that tracks power history and other factors that affect wetstacking residue accumulation using the residue tracker 132 could allowmitigation activities to be performed only when actually needed and onlyto the degree required to mitigate the accumulated residue. By trackingboth buildup and burnoff, the partial mitigation due to normal operationat higher levels can be accounted for. In some situations, dynamicre-dispatch of online generators may be able to avoid the use ofdedicated mitigation activities. For example, the prevention manager 136can be used to cause some generators to operate at a high level duringnormal use to burn off residue before dedicated mitigation is needed.

When dedicated mitigation activities are required, the residue tracker132 may be used to perform the mitigation more efficiently. For example,the residue tracker 132 may track the accumulation/burnoff duringmitigation operations and will determine when mitigation operations maybe suspended and take action accordingly.

One way to mitigate the wet stack residue accumulation is to operate themachines at a high power level (e.g., greater than 80% of rated power ofthe generator) for several hours by attaching a resistive load bank toincrease the machine load and operate the machine at near full power forgreater than eight hours. This is effective at mitigating the buildupbut expends significant fuel in the process. This method is undesirablesince it increases operational costs because of the cost of purchasingadditional fuel and purchasing, transporting, and maintaining the loadbank. Further, as diesel generation is often used in remote areas, theexpense of transporting the fuel to the generator location is also asignificant cost.

The mitigation manager 134 may reduce the accumulated residue moreefficiently than attaching a load bank. In some embodiments, themitigation manager 134 may prepare dispatch instructions for theelectric power generators 162, 164 to reduce the wet stack residue. Forexample, to mitigate the wet stack residue the mitigation manager 134may cause a diesel engine of one of the generators to operate at a highpower level (e.g., greater than 80% of rated power) for several hourswhen the residue tracker 132 determines mitigation is needed. As theresidue tracker 132 tracks residue accumulation, mitigation occurs whenand where it is necessary and the IED 110 avoids mitigation when it isnot necessary.

In some embodiments, mitigation may still be done manually with a loadbank. However, the residue tracker 132 may alert the user of the needfor mitigation and alert the user when mitigation is complete.

When the residue tracker 132 identifies a generator needing mitigation,the mitigation manager 134 may perform mitigation in a variety of ways.For example, the residue tracker 132 causes a load to be added to theidentified generator. For instance, a second generator may be connectedto the identified generator with the second generator operating inparallel with zero fuel (e.g., acting as a compressor or Jake Brake).The parallel generator may eliminate a need to have a separate loadbank. The parallel generator may be coupled to the identified generatormanually or the mitigation manager 134 may open and close a set ofcircuit breakers to couple the generators in parallel.

In some embodiments, the mitigation manager 134 establishes an automaticgenerator power dispatch program that periodically sets one or moregenerator(s) to a high power level to mitigate wet stack residueaccumulation.

In some embodiments, the mitigation manager 134 dynamically changes thedispatch instructions for multiple generators so that one generatoroperates at a high level for a period of time. Once that generator ismitigated, the mitigation manager 134 may change the dispatchinstructions to mitigate another machine requiring mitigation. Themitigation manager 134 may perform dynamic dispatch to compensate forrapid load changes that would tend to overload a machine undergoing wetstacking mitigation. For example, the dispatch instructions may causemachines not undergoing mitigation to pick up additional load whilekeeping the machine undergoing mitigation at a constant, high powerlevel.

In some embodiments, the mitigation manager 134 may throttle the coolantvalve to reduce the power level which results in an exhaust systemtemperature sufficiently high to burn off wet stacking residue. Themitigation manager 134 may use one technique or a combination oftechniques described above to mitigate wet stack residue.

The prevention manager 136 may attempt to prevent or reduce accumulationof residue minimizing the time a generator is operated below anidentified low power level (e.g., 30%). The identified low power levelmay be dependent on fuel control (electronic vs. mechanical injection)and environmental factors (altitude, temperature, humidity, etc.). Oneof the most straightforward methods of avoiding wet stack residueaccumulation is to turn the machine off when it will be operating at alow power level. This is, of course, complicated by load requirementssuch as being able to start up loads as necessary. The preventionmanager 136 can implement various methods to overcome the challengespresented by a load requirement and load startup.

The prevention manager 136 may communicate with the smart distributionnode 102 to perform load management to prevent buildup. The smartdistribution node 102 may have a distribution port that selectivelycouples loads to the one or more diesel engines via a port breaker. Thesystem may include a plurality of smart distribution nodes to controlone or more loads. The smart distribution node 102 may reportinformation regarding a load attached to the distribution port beforecoupling the load to the electric power generators 162, 164.

In some embodiments, the prevention manager 136 may manage loads using apermissive based start-up configuration. For example, the smartdistribution node 102 may send a request from a first smart distributionnode to start an attached load, the request including a report withinformation regarding the attached load. The information may includeexpected load or maximum load. The prevention manager 136 may determineif there is a reserve margin of the one or more diesel enginessufficient for the attached load. If the reserve margin is insufficientto start the load, the prevention manager 136 may provide a delayinstruction to the smart distribution node 102 to prevent the smartdistribution load from coupling the load to the electric powergenerators 162, 164. If the reserve margin is sufficient, the preventionmanager 136 may provide dispatch instructions, based on the report fromthe smart distribution node 102, to the one or more diesel engines tomaintain the one or more diesel engines operating above the targetthreshold when the first smart distribution node closes an associatedport breaker.

The level of reserve margin is dependent on many factors, including loadstartup transients, which loads and what sizes of loads may start upwithout warning, and what other attached devices (such asbattery-operated lighting modules) might temporarily act as sources ofpower.

In some embodiments, the prevention manager 136 may manage loads usingload prioritization. If a high priority load needs to start and there isinsufficient reserve margin, the prevention manager 136 may temporarilysuspend a lower priority load. The prevention manager 136 may sendinstructions to bring additional generators online and send instructionsto resume the lower priority load once additional generation is broughtonline. The smart distribution node 102 may provide the preventionmanager 136 with a priority for the load. The prevention manager 136 maymaintain a load prioritization index that indicates a priority for theloads.

In some embodiments, the prevention manager 136 may send dispatchinstructions to the generators to allow temporary overload for loadstartup. Many loads have short-term high-level power draws when theystart up, but decrease to a lower operating power. The preventionmanager 136 may provide the generators with permission to operate abovetheir steady-state limits for short periods of time to enable theseloads to start.

In some embodiments, the prevention manager 136 may send dispatchinstructions to the generators to allow temporary overload duringstartup of an additional generator. Diesel generators can performstart-up and synchronization operations quickly. If a load starts up andcauses the online generators to exceed their steady-state rating, theprevention manager 136 may provide the generators with permission tooperate above this level long enough to bring additional generatorsonline, after which they will be operating below their rating.

The prevention manager 136 may track a variety of factors to determineappropriate dispatch instructions. In some embodiments, the preventionmanager 136 sends dispatch instructions to start and stop generatorsbased on real-time measurements of system load. In some embodiments, theprevention manager 136 tracks a minimum margin of spinning reserverequired to start loads. In some embodiments, the prevention manager 136tracks the level to which machines can operate above their ratedsteady-state power level. In some embodiments, it may be determined thatan emergency situation exists that shifts the priority from wet stackprevention to ensuring continuity of power. This “Battle-short”condition would further enable excursions of operating parameters thatwould normally be maintained to prevent equipment damage. The preventionmanager 136 may compare this information against a time required tostart and synchronize a load or another generator and restore theoperating generators to a level below their maximum steady-state level.

In some embodiments, the prevention manager 136 may use alternatesources (e.g., battery, solar PV, etc.) to supplement a temporarytransient power draw to allow operating with less reserve margin orfacilitate longer start-up and synchronization times.

In some embodiments, the prevention manager 136 may use information fromsmart distribution nodes which report the maximum or expected loads thattheir distribution ports are attached to. A request to close a portbreaker would inform the prevention manager 136 that the load mayincrease requiring additional generator margin. In some embodiments therequest may include load priority. In some embodiments the request mayinclude attached load real and reactive power draw. In some embodimentsthe request may include amplifying load information such as start-uppower/current, steady-state power/current, or load dynamics (e.g.,steady state vs. pulsed load, min/average/max typical power draw).

FIG. 2 illustrates a first graph 200 with a power history 202 indicatingoperating power level of a generator over time, and a second graph 220illustrating wet stack residue level 222 (i.e., operational curve) overtime. The first graph 200 includes a low power setpoint 204 indicating apower level below which residue will accumulate. The first graph 200includes a high power setpoint 206 indicating a power level below whichresidue will burn off. The second graph 220 includes three mitigationsetpoints or critical residue thresholds. A first mitigation set point224 indicates a point at which residue buildup is present but may burnoff if the generator is consistently operated at a moderate power level(e.g., 60%). A second mitigation setpoint 226 indicates a point at whichresidue buildup is present but can be mitigated through operating athigh power level (e.g., 80%). A third mitigation set point 228 indicatesa point when residue buildup requires engine overhaul to mitigate.

The first graph 200 illustrates three periods of time 208, 210, and 212,where the power history 202 is below a low power setpoint 204. As shownin the second graph 220 during these times, the wet stack residue level222 increases. The rate at which the wet stack residue level 222increases may be variable based multiple factors. For example, the rateat which the wet stack residue level 222 increases may vary based onexhaust temperature and/or power level of the generator.

After the first two wet stack residue level 222 increases, a system mayidentify that the wet stack residue level 222 is above the secondmitigation setpoint 226. Accordingly, the system can cause the generatorto operate above the high power setpoint 206 during a burn-off timeperiod 212. As shown in the second graph 220, while the power history202 is above the high power setpoint 206 the residue decreases. The rateat which the wet stack residue level 222 decreases may be variable basedmultiple factors. For example, the rate at which the wet stack residuelevel 222 decreases may vary based on exhaust temperature and/or powerlevel of the generator. After the wet stack residue level 222 increasesabove the third mitigation setpoint 228 the system may send an alert tothe user that an engine overhaul is needed.

FIG. 3 is a flow chart of a method 300 for monitoring wet stack residueaccumulation, according to one embodiment. The method 300 may beimplemented by an IED (such as the IED 110 of FIG. 1 ). The IED maydetermine 302 output power of a diesel engine. To determine 302 theoutput power, the IED may directly measure current and voltage orreceive power data from an external sensor.

The IED may track 304 the output power of the diesel engine to developan output power history. The IED may compare 306 the power history to alow power level setpoint and a high power level setpoint. The IED maytrack 308 an amount of time that the diesel engine operates with theoutput power below the low power level setpoint, and track 310 an amountof time that the diesel engine operates with the output power above thehigh power level setpoint to generate 311 an operational curverepresenting the rate of residue buildup and burnoff.

The IED may determine 312 that residue accumulated in the diesel enginehas reached a target residue threshold. In some embodiments, the residueaccumulation is based on determining that the diesel engine has operatedat below the power level setpoint for an accumulated duration thatexceeds a target duration. In some embodiments the accumulated durationmay include the time spent operating under the low power level setpointreduced by the time spent operating above the high power level setpoint.In some embodiments, the residue accumulation is based on the areabetween the power history and the setpoints. For example, the IED mayintegrate the power history to obtain the area between the power historyand the low power level setpoint and reduce that amount by an integralof the power history to obtain the area above the high power levelsetpoint. In some embodiments the IED is further to track one or more ofcoolant temperature, exhaust temperature, and exhaust content, whereindetermining that the residue threshold has been reached is based on oneor more of the coolant temperature, the exhaust temperature, and theexhaust content. In some embodiments, the residue threshold is apredefined value or a predefined curve. In some embodiments, the residuethreshold is a threshold value based on one or more of environmentalfactors, fuel type, and fuel quality.

The IED may provide 314 an alert to begin a wet stack mitigationprocedure. In some embodiments the alert is sent to a user interface toalert a user to begin a mitigation procedure. In some embodiments, thealert is sent to a mitigation controller to automatically initialize amitigation procedure. For example, the mitigation controller may alter316 a load associated with the diesel engine to increase an output powerlevel of the diesel engine and burn off wet stack residue.

In some embodiments, the IED may characterize a level of residue buildupbased on what mitigation procedure is recommended. The mitigationprocedures may include operating the diesel engine at a high powerlevel; overhauling the diesel engine; and operating the diesel engine ata moderate power level.

FIG. 4 is a flow chart of a method 400 for mitigating wet stack residueaccumulation, according to one embodiment. The method 400 may beimplemented by an IED (such as the IED 110 of FIG. 1 ). The IED maymonitor 402 a plurality of diesel engines for residue buildup. The IEDmay further identify 404 a diesel engine from the plurality of dieselengines with an amount of residue that exceeds a residue threshold.

The IED may alter 406 a power output of the diesel engine or a loadassociated with the diesel engine to increase an operating power levelof the diesel engine. In some embodiments, altering the load comprisesplacing a second diesel engine in parallel with the diesel engine, andoperating the second diesel engine at zero fuel. In some embodiments,altering the load comprises sending dispatch instructions to theplurality of diesel engines to cause the diesel engines to increase theoperating power level. In some embodiments, the IED establishes adispatch program that periodically sets one or more diesel engines ofthe plurality of diesel engines to a high operating power level tomitigate wet stack residue accumulation. For example, every two hoursthe dispatch program may set one or more generators to operate above a80% operating power level and decrease other generators' output power.The higher operating power level command may be rotated so that eachgenerator is operated at a higher power level for a scheduled period.

The IED may estimate 408 that residue of the diesel engine has beenreduced below the residue threshold based on an amount of time at anincreased operating power level. After the residue has been decreased,the IED may reduce 410 the power output or the load associated with thediesel engine to lower the operating power level.

FIG. 5 is a flow chart of a method 500 for preventing wet stack residueaccumulation, according to one embodiment. The method 500 may beimplemented by an IED (such as the IED 110 of FIG. 1 ). The IED maymonitor 502 the output power of the one or more diesel engines asdetected by the power sensor. The IED may also monitor 504 power demandof loads coupled to the one or more diesel engines.

The IED minimizes 506 time that each diesel engine spends operatingbelow a target power level by controlling at least one of the outputpower of the one or more diesel engines and the power demand of theloads. In some embodiments, the target power level is set at 30% ofcapacity for each of the one or more generators. In some embodiments,the target power level is set based on a fuel control type andenvironmental factors.

In some embodiments, the IED may control which loads are allowed to turnon to minimize low power operation of the diesel engines. For example,the IED may receive a request from a first smart distribution node tostart an attached load, the request including a report with informationregarding the attached load. The information may include the maximum orexpected load. The IED may determine if a reserve margin of the one ormore diesel engines is sufficient for the attached load. If the reservemargin is insufficient, the IED may provide a delay instruction to thefirst smart distribution node. If the reserve margin is sufficient, theIED may provide dispatch instructions, based on the report from thefirst smart distribution node, to the one or more diesel engines tomaintain the one or more diesel engines operating above the targetthreshold when the first smart distribution node closes an associatedport breaker.

In some embodiments, to minimize the time that each diesel engine spendsoperating below the target power level, the IED sends an updateddispatch instruction to the one or more diesel engines based on currentmeasurements from the load sensors. For example, the updated dispatchinstructions may provide for temporary overload of the one or morediesel engines during a load start-up period. In some embodiments, tominimize the time that each diesel engine spends operating below thetarget power level, the IED provides dispatch instructions to the one ormore diesel engines giving permission to temporarily exceed theirsteady-state rating during the startup of an additional diesel engine.

In some embodiments, to minimize the time that each diesel engine spendsoperating below the target power level, the IED maintains a loadprioritization index that indicates a priority for the loads, andsuspends operation of a lower priority load when there is insufficientreserve margin to start a higher priority load. The IED may request thatan additional diesel engine start and synchronize, and resume operationof the lower priority load when the additional diesel engine is started.

While specific embodiments and applications of the disclosure have beenillustrated and described, it is to be understood that the disclosure isnot limited to the precise configurations and components disclosedherein. Accordingly, many changes may be made to the details of theabove-described embodiments without departing from the underlyingprinciples of this disclosure. The scope of the present inventionshould, therefore, be determined only by the following claims.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A system to prevent wet stack residuebuildup, the system comprising: a communications interface tocommunicate with one or more diesel engines; a power sensor to detectoutput power of the one or more diesel engines; and a processor incommunication with the power sensor, the processor to: monitor theoutput power of the one or more diesel engines as detected by the powersensor; monitor power demand of loads coupled to the one or more dieselengines; and minimize the time that each diesel engine spends operatingbelow a target power level by controlling at least one of the outputpower of the one or more diesel engines and the power demand of theloads; wherein the target power level is determined based on a fuelcontrol type and environmental factors.
 2. The system of claim 1,wherein the target power level is set at 30% of a capacity for each ofthe one or more diesel engines.
 3. The system of claim 1, furthercomprising smart distribution nodes in communication with the processor,each of the distribution nodes comprising a distribution port thatselectively couples loads to the one or more diesel engines via a portbreaker, the smart distribution nodes to: report, to the processor,information regarding a load attached to the distribution port beforecoupling the load to the one or more diesel engines, and wherein theprocessor is further to: receive a request from a first smartdistribution node to start an attached load, the request including areport with information regarding the attached load, determine if areserve margin of the one or more diesel engines is sufficient for theattached load, if the reserve margin is insufficient, provide a delayinstruction to the first smart distribution node, and if the reservemargin is sufficient, provide dispatch instructions, based on the reportfrom the first smart distribution node, to the one or more dieselengines to maintain the one or more diesel engines operating above thetarget threshold when the first smart distribution node closes anassociated port breaker.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein to minimizethe time that each diesel engine spends operating below the target powerlevel, the processor provides dispatch instructions to the one or morediesel engines giving permission to exceed their steady-state ratingduring startup of an additional diesel engine.
 5. The system of claim 1,wherein to minimize the time that each diesel engine spends operatingbelow the target power level, the processor is to: maintain a loadprioritization index that indicates a priority for the loads; suspendoperation of a lower priority load when there is insufficient reservemargin to start a higher priority load; start and synchronize anadditional diesel engine; and resume operation of the lower priorityload when the additional diesel engine is started.
 6. The system ofclaim 1, further comprising a load sensor to measure a system load, andwherein to minimize time that each diesel engine spends operating belowthe target power level, the processor sends updated dispatchinstructions to the one or more diesel engines based on measurementsfrom the load sensor.
 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the updateddispatch instructions provide for temporary overload of the one or morediesel engines during a load start-up period.
 8. A system to prevent wetstack residue buildup, the system comprising: a communications interfaceto communicate with one or more diesel engines; a power sensor to detectoutput power of the one or more diesel engines; and a processor incommunication with the power sensor, the processor to: monitor theoutput power of the one or more diesel engines as detected by the powersensor; monitor power demand of loads coupled to the one or more dieselengines; and minimize the time that each diesel engine spends operatingbelow a target power level by controlling at least one of the outputpower of the one or more diesel engines and the power demand of theloads; wherein to minimize the time that each diesel engine spendsoperating below the target power level, the processor provides dispatchinstructions to the one or more diesel engines giving permissions toexceed their steady-state rating during startup of an additional dieselengine.
 9. A system to prevent wet stack residue buildup, the systemcomprising: a communications interface to communicate with one or morediesel engines; a power sensor to detect output power of the one or morediesel engines; and a processor in communication with the power sensor,the processor to: monitor the output power of the one or more dieselengines as detected by the power sensor; monitor power demand of loadscoupled to the one or more diesel engines; and minimize the time thateach diesel engine spends operating below a target power level bycontrolling at least one of the output power of the one or more dieselengines and the power demand of the loads; wherein the target powerlevel is determined based on environmental factors.